Suchergebnisse

Evidence from oral history interviews is used to suggest the need to reevaluate our understanding of the dynamics of fertility decisions and behavior in the first half of the twentieth century. Those interviewed stressed their vague and haphazard approach to contraceptive use, in sharp contrast to the dominant depiction in studies of fertility decline that emphasize the degree to which individuals made deliberate and calculated choices about family size based on an assessment of the costs and benefits of childrearing. Details of individual contraceptive strategies elucidate the complexities of birth control behavior: couples, lacking explicit aims for family limitation, adopted diverse methods of birth control, using them for different reasons, at different times, with varying degrees of determination and confidence and frequently with very little direct discussion or planning. Explicit articulation of aims was not a necessary prerequisite of the spread of birth control; accepted gender roles meant that responsibilities and obligations emerged gradually and tacitly. As a result, nevertheless, low fertility was effectively achieved.

The essays in this volume constitute a series of case studies exploring the ways in which claims about the past have been crucial in articulating sexual morals, in driving political, legal, and social change, in shaping individual identities, and in constructing and grounding knowledge about sex. Read together, the chapters invite a consideration of the significance and purpose of writing and thinking about sex in the past; an interrogation of the evidential basis that informs sexual knowledge; and an exploration of the authority used to support such knowledge.

The essays in this volume constitute a series of case studies exploring the ways in which claims about the past have been crucial in articulating sexual morals, in driving political, legal, and social change, in shaping individual identities, and in constructing and grounding knowledge about sex. Read together, the chapters invite a consideration of the significance and purpose of writing and thinking about sex in the past; an interrogation of the evidential basis that informs sexual knowledge; and an exploration of the authority used to support such knowledge

pt. 1. Studying the body and sexuality -- pt. 2. Sexual science and the medical understandings of the body -- pt. 3. Examining the body: science, technology and the exploration of the body -- pt. 4. Body and mind : sexuality and identity -- pt. 5. Clothing and nakedness -- pt. 6. Pornography and erotica -- pt. 7. Knowledge and experience -- pt. 8. Life cycles -- pt. 9. Courtship and marriage -- pt. 10. Reproduction -- pt. 11. Prostitution -- pt. 12. Sexual violence and rape -- pt. 13. Sexual disease -- pt. 14. Bodies, sex and race.

An examination of how bodies and sexualities have been constructed, categorised, represented, diagnosed, experienced and subverted from the fifteenth to the early twenty-first century. It draws attention to continuities in thinking about bodies and sex: concept may have changed, but hey nevertheless draw on older ideas and language

How different really were early twentieth-century attitudes towards marital sex from those in the sixteenth and seventeenths centuries, where intercourse was seen as an essential part of a healthy, happy union in which partners should aim to please each other to sustain the marital partnership and to avoid adultery? To what extent did nineteenth- and early twentieth ₆century concepts of degeneration evolve out of earlier ideas about loss of vital spirits? The authors in this book examine how bodies and sexualities have been constructed, categorised, represented, diagnosed, experienced and subverted over time, from the fifteenth to the early twenty-first century. Rather than reproduce narratives of change and progress ₆ or liberation from repression ₆ this collection aims to draw the reader's attention to the continuities in thinking about bodies and sex over the centuries ₆ while concepts may change, they nevertheless draw on older ideas and language.

East Central Europe played a crucial role in shaping the development of sexual science from the 1870s onwards. The life-histories of influential and well-known figures such as Sigmund Freud (born in Freiberg/Příbor), Magnus Hirschfeld (born in Kolberg/Kolobrzeg) and Karl Maria Kertbeny (born in Vienna, based in Budapest) reveal the imperial interconnectedness of East Central Europe with what would become Western Europe. By 1932, when the World League for Sexual Reform held its congress in Brno (following previous meetings in Berlin, London, Vienna, and Copenhagen), the society had established branches across the region, including Poland, Austria, and Czechoslovakia. In that same year, Poland decriminalised homosexual acts. Yet, East Central Europe is often neglected in the history of sexology and little is known about how sexual science in these regions shaped, and was shaped by, global networks of knowledge production. Indeed, despite recent attempts to demonstrate the ways in which sexual science was a truly global enterprise, East Central Europe remains to be fully incorporated into our mapping of the global networks of sexological dialogue and exchange.1 This is especially true of scholarship on the period after the Second World War. Historians have tended to misconstrue the transnational nature of sexual science in East Central Europe both before and after 1945. First, the contribution of East Central Europeans to European cultures of scientific exchanges has been obscured by the tendency of much historical writing to focus on a small number of key pioneers (Krafft-Ebing, Magnus Hirschfeld, Sigmund Freud and Havelock Ellis). Second, it is assumed that East Central European sexual science was largely cut off from international networks of knowledge exchange after the Second World War following the onset of the Cold War.2 Third, there are preconceived notions that communist authoritarian governments, having curtailed political freedoms and economic entrepreneurialism, must have also taken a repressive stance against sexual expression.3 Fourth, the dominance of 1989 as the fundamental caesura has encouraged a periodisation that fails to draw enough attention to the shifts in transnational patterns of knowledge exchange around sexual politics during the period 1945 to 1989 and fails to identify key continuities that link the sexual politics of the contemporary world with those of the communist period. None of these assumptions can withstand scrutiny, as the articles in this forum reveal. Building on a recent boost in scholarly interest in the sexual histories of the region,4 we present a collection of papers that each detail the transnational connections of local sexual experts in creating sexual knowledge both before and during state socialism.5

The project responds to issues identified by the health
and education sector in the UK and internationally, particularly relating to
the widely attested difficulty for teachers of opening up conversations around
important topics such as consent and pornography.

The pathways to vulnerability to debt and what works to reduce such vulnerability are poorly understood. To address this knowledge gap, we conducted an evidence review. Many low-income borrowers have little alternative but to resort to high interest lending. Developing 'affordable' lending alternatives has been a challenge. Policy-makers have advocated person-centred approaches (for example, financial education) despite little evidence supporting the efficacy of such behavioural measures. Arguably this has shifted the burden of social responsibility and risk for managing problem debt primarily onto borrowers. While better regulation of the credit industry is needed, ultimately policymakers need to look beyond market-based solutions.

Starting in the late nineteenth century, scholars and activists all over the world suddenly began to insist that understandings of sex be based on science. As Japanese and Indian sexologists influenced their German, British, and American counterparts and vice versa, sexuality, modernity, and imaginings of exotified "Others" became intimately linked. The first anthology to provide a worldwide perspective on the birth and development of the field, A Global History of Sexual Science contends that actors outside of Europe—in Asia, Latin America, and Africa—became important interlocutors in debates on prostitution, birth control, and transvestism. Ideas circulated through intellectual exchange, travel, and internationally produced and disseminated publications. Twenty scholars tackle specific issues, including the female orgasm and the criminalization of male homosexuality, to demonstrate how concepts and ideas introduced by sexual scientists gained currency throughout the modern world